Thought and Political Judgment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/errs.2021.543Keywords:
Keywords, Eros, Evil, Freedom, Philosophical Anthropology, Political Judgment, Phronesis, Reason, Reflective Judgment, Sensus Communis.Abstract
Hannah Arendt’s claim that thinking is the last defense against the moral outrages of criminal political regimes sets the problematic of good and evil in relief. Human freedom, Paul Ricœur reminds us, is responsible for evil. The avowal of the evil of violence is thus the condition of our consciousness of the freedom to act anew.
Aesthetic experience’s lateral transposition onto the planes of ethics and politics highlights our capacity to respond to exigencies in apposite ways. Exemplary representations of the good, the right, and the justexpress a desire for being. Eros is accordingly the law of every work, word, deed, or act that answers to a difficulty, challenge, or crisis. Bound to living experiences, thought attains its true height through interrogating, demystifying, and vacating frozen norms, standards, and mores. Judgment actualizes thought’s liberating effects in answer to the demands of the situations in which we find ourselves.
References
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).
———, Between Past and Future. Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York: Penguin Books, 1968).
———, “Introduction. Walter Benjamin: 1892-1940,” in Walter Benjamin, Illuminations. Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken, 1968), 3-55.
———, “Letter to Gershom Gerhard Scholem,” in Correspondence—Scholem, Gershom Gerhard—1963-1964 (Series: Adolf Eichmann File, 1938-1968, n.d.). Accessed May 15, 2021: https://www.brainpickings.org/2017/02/07/hannah-arendt-the-banality-of-evil/
———, The Life of the Mind. Volume One, Thinking (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1978).
———, The Jew as Pariah. Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age (New York: Grove Press, 1978).
———, Eichmann in Jerusalem. A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1992).
———, Love and Saint Augustine, ed. Joanna Vecchiarelli Scott and Judith Chelius Stark (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
———, Responsibility and Judgment, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Schocken, 2003).
———, The Promise of Politics, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Schocken, 2005).
———, Reflections on Literature and Culture, ed. Susannah Young-Ah Gottlieb (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007).
———, Thinking Without a Banister. Essays in Understanding 1953-1975, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Schocken, 2018).
Bethania Assy, “Eichmann, the Banality of Evil, and Thinking in Arendt’s Thought,” Contemporary Philosophy, 2021. Accessed October 10, 2021: https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cont/ContAssy.htm.
Alain Badiou, Plato’s Republic. A Dialogue in Sixteen Chapters, trans. Susan Spitzer (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013).
Charles Baudelaire, “Correspondences,” in Flowers of Evil, trans. James McGowan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Seyla Benhabib, The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
———, “Judgment and the Moral Foundations of Politics in Hannah Arendt’s Thought,” in Ronald Beiner and Jennifer Nedelsky (eds), Judgment, Imagination, and Politics. Themes from Kant and Arendt (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 183-204.
Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays, ed. Robert Bernasconi, trans. Nicholas Walker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
———, Truth and Method, trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall, 2nd ed. (New York: Crossroad, 1989).
———, Hermeneutics between History and Philosophy. The Selected Writings of Hans-Georg Gadamer: Volume I, ed. and trans. Pol Valdevelde and Arun Iyer (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).
Warren Zen Harvey, “Two Jewish Approaches to Evil in History,” in Steven T. Katz, Shlomo Biderman, Gershon Greenberg (eds), Wrestling with God. Jewish Theological Responses during and after the Holocaust (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Norman Kemp Smith (New York/London: St. Martin’s Press/Macmillan, 1929).
———, The Critique of Judgment, trans. James Creed Meredith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952).
———, Critique of Judgment, trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987).
Plato, “Symposium,” in Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (eds), The Collected Dialogues Including the Letters, trans. Michael Joyce (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962).
Paul Ricœur, Freud and Philosophy. An Essay on Interpretation, trans. Denis Savage (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).
———, The Rule of Metaphor. Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977).
———, “The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling,” Critical Inquiry, vol. 5/1 (1978).
———, Fallible Man, trans. Charles A. Kelbley (New York: Fordham University Press, 1986).
———, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, ed. George H. Taylor (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
———, A Ricœur Reader. Reflection and Imagination, ed. Mario J. Valdés (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991).
———, Oneself as Another, trans. Kathleen Blamey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
———, Figuring the Sacred. Religion, Narrative, and Imagination, ed. Mark I. Wallace, trans. David Pellauer (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995).
———, The Just, trans. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
———, Hermeneutics. Writing and Lectures, Volume 2, trans. David Pellauer (Cambridge: Polity, 2013).
———, Philosophical Anthropology. Writings and Lectures, Volume 3, ed. Johann Michel and Jérôme Porée, trans. David Pellauer (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016).
Paul Ricœur, François Azouvi and Marc de Launay, Critique and Conviction. Conversations with François Azouvi and Marc de Launay, trans. Kathleen Blamey (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
Roger W. H. Savage, Paul Ricœur’s Philosophical Anthropology as Hermeneutics of Liberation (New York: Routledge, 2021).
Philip Walsh, Arendt Contra Sociology. Theory, Society, and its Science (London: Routledge, 2015).
Tama Weisman, Hannah Arendt and Karl Marx. On Totalitarianism and the Tradition of Western Political Thought (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014).
Albrecht Wellmer, “Hannah Arendt on Judgment. The Unwritten Doctrine of Reason,” in Ronald Beiner and Jennifer Nedelsky (eds), Judgment, Imagination, and Politics. Themes from Kant and Arendt (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 165-82.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons 4.0 License (Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works), or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- Noncommercial—other users (including Publisher) may not use this Work for commercial purposes;
- No Derivative Works—other users (including Publisher) may not alter, transform, or build upon this Work,with the understanding that any of the above conditions can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.